1. Name four castes in which Indian society was divided since the ancient times?
Ans: The four castes which prevailed in Indian society are -
a) the Brahmins
b) the Kshatriyas
c) the vaishyas and
d) the Shudras.
2. What was the basis of classification of the castes?
Ans: The basis of classification of the castes was the profession that people adopted in life .
3. Who are nomads?
Ans: Nomads were the people who moved with their complete belongings from place to place in groups.
4. Name one prominent group of nomads which carried grains for the Mughal army during their campaigns.
Ans: Banjaras.
5. What has been the primary occupation of Gonds?
Ans: Agriculture and collecting forest produce.
6. What is the main deity of Gonds?
Ans: The Pantheon.
7. How many clusters of villages made barhots?
Ans: A cluster of 12 villages.
8. What was the village headman knows as ?
Ans: Mahji or patel.
9. Who attacked Gonds several times?
Ans: The Mughals.
10. Which part of India does the Ahoms tribe belongs to?
Ans: In the Brahmaputra valley.
11. Name the famous ruler of Ahoms?
Ans: Sukapha.
12. What was the Ahom king known as?
Ans: Swargadeo.
13. Write about the religious practices of the Ahoms.
Ans: Ahoms are tribes of Assam. They worshiped their ancestors.They used to celebrate agriculture related festivals. For instance, Bihu is one of the most famous festivals of this tribe. Gradually, they took on the rituals and customs of Hinduism by local influence.
14) Choose the correct option:
1. The people who keep moving from one place to another are called
i. Settled ii. Tribals
iii. Nomads iv. Civilized
Ans: Nomads.
2. Khasis belong to which part of India.
i. north west ii. south east
iii. north east iv. south west.
Ans: north east.
3. How many villages combined together formed barhots?
i. 6 ii. 7 iii. 8 iv. 12
Ans: 12.
4. Ahoms are considered to be the descendants of -
i. Chan tribe ii) Khan tribe
iii. Shan tribe iv) None of these
Ans: Shan tribe.
15. B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Caste system was mainly prevalent in Hindu society.
2. Caravans of banjaras is called tandas .
3. Gonds are said to be the largest tribe group in India.
4. The Ahom king was called Swargadeo.
5.Bihu and ________ are the famous festivals of Ahoms.
16. State whether the statements are true or false.
1. Castes and sub-castes normally have set traditions which are followed by generations.
Ans: True.
2. Gond has its origin from the Kannada word konda.
Ans: False.
3. Rani Durgavati fought against the Mughals in 1565.
Ans: True.
4. Ahoms belonged to Assam.
Ans: True.
17. What is the traditional dance of the Bhils?
Ans: Ghoomar.
18. Match column A with column B .
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19) Who are Gonds?
Ans: Gonds were said to be the largest tribe in India. They were settled in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Chhattisgarh. It is said that the name Gond originated from the Telugu word konda which means hill. The area where they have been living was also a mighty kingdom from the 15th to the 18th century, and this kingdom was called Gondwana. At places this tribe is also called as koytoria.
20) Write about the occupation of the Gond tribe.
Ans:The primary occupation of the Gond people has been agriculture and collecting forest produce. They practice shifting cultivation. At some places they are also engaged in fishing and hunting as a means of survival.
21) Write about the religion of the Gond tribe.
Ans: Their main deity is the Pantheon a temple which bows to all the gods and cultures of the world.
22) Write about the Administrative system of the Gond tribe.
Ans: The villages were controlled by the village heads. A cluster of 12 villages was called barhots. Seven barhots (or 84 villages) was called chaurasi. This set of seven barhots used to form one Gond clan called a garh. There were many garh in the Gondwana kingdom also called Gara Katanga. Akbarnama written by Abul Fazl has mentioned that there used to be 70,000 villages in this kingdom.
The village council of Gond divided the village community into castes called ahir (Cowherds), agaria (Blacksmith), dhuli (drummers) and pardhan (bard and singers). The village headman was known as mahji or patel.
The village was typically hamlets. They had thatched roofs, mud walls and a small courtyard. In their marriage custom the groom and the bride selected each other but it was required to be approved by village council. The father of the groom was required to pay a bride price.
23) Write about the Social order of the Gond tribe.
Ans: The society of the Gond tribe gradually got divided into different social classes. The rajas started giving land grants to the brahmins who then became powerful. The Gond chiefs also started. aspiring to be equal to Rajputs.
**The Mughals attacked Gonds several times and looted wealth and elephants from them. They annexed part of the kingdom but left the overall control to them. One of the rulers of Gara Katanga gave himself the title of Sangram Shah. His son Dalpat married princess Durgavati, the daughter of a Rajput king of Mahoba. Dalpat died early therefore Durgavati took the reigns of kingdom and ruled on behalf of her minor son. She fought against the Mughals in 1565 with valour but she was defeated. The Marathas also attacked the Gonds and annexed territories. In the 19th century with the coming of British, this kingdom came under their rule.
24) Who are Ahoms?
Ans :Ahoms are tribes of Assam. In the early 13th century they had come in from areas of Burma in the Brahmaputra Valley. They are considered to be the descendants of the Shan tribes which have a link with the Siamese Chinese. Sukapha was one of their famous rulers. Ahoms had taken over the land of the local landlords called bhuiyans. The Ahoms built a large state which extended nearly over the whole of Assam.
25) Write about Culture and Society of Ahoms.
Ans:The primary occupation of Ahoms was agriculture. The Ahom king was called swargadeos which is akin to Gods. They had divided their kingdom into provinces which were controlled by governors who were also known as bharpakhans. The rulers were not determined by dynasties but select council of five members used to identify or nominate the next ruler. There was a system of forced labour and in case of war every adult male had to compulsorily work in the army.
26) Write about the religious system of Ahom community.
Ans: Ancestor worship was part of Ahom's culture. They used to celebrate agriculture related festivals. Bihu is one of the most famous festivals of this tribe. Although originally the Ahoms had Siamese origin but the kingdom only had a 10% population of Ahoms and therefore gradually they took on the rituals and customs of Hinduism by local influence.
27) When was the Mughal attacked the Ahom kingdom?
Ans: In 1662.
28) What is hinterland?
Ans: The lands which are far away from the normal dwelling areas, road ,and tracks.
29) Who are Aboriginals?
Ans:Aboriginals are the indigenous Australians. They are considered to be the descended of groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands long before the British captured territories and made this region their colony. Anthropologists believe that these tribes have inhabited Australia since 60-65 thousand years. Some genetic research estimate their presence since 100,000 - 125,000 years ago.
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