IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND IT'S ANSWERS:
1) Which period is known as the second urbanisation?
Ans: The period of 400 BCE is known as the second urbanisation.
2) List three categories in which the growth of towns can be grouped.
Ans: The growth of towns can be grouped into three :
a) the political centres
b) the religious centres
c) the trade centres
3) How did iron tools help in improving agricultural yield?
Ans: The discovery of iron and understanding its usage was one of the most important developments of the era. It helped people to produce new and stronger tools like axes for felling trees to clear large areas for cultivation , digging tools to dig wells and canal for irrigation.
4)What was the difference between grihapati and dasakarmakara?
Ans: In the northern region the landowner was known as grihapati.
But those who did not own land were known as dasakarmakara.
5) Who used to collect revenue on behalf of the ruler in the village?
Ans: The gramabhojaka used to collect revenue on behalf of the ruler in the village.
6) Name three categories of cultivators in the villages of the south.
Ans: In the villages of the South, there were three categories of cultivators; namely -
a) Vellalar: the large landowners.
b) Uzhavar: the small landowners
c) Kadaisiyar and Adimai : the landless workers.
7) What kind of currency came into use which helped in trade?
Ans: The punch currency coins helped in trade
8) Name some of the religious towns of those times.
Ans: Some religious towns of those times were Bodh Gaya,Mathura, Varanasi, Vidhisha, Ujjain etc.
9) Name the place which was a centre of believers of Lord Krishna.
Ans: Mathura.
10) How did Mathura become an important town?
Ans: Mathura is a town of multiple functions. It was a religious centre of Hindus who believed in Lord Krishna. It also had Buddhist monasteries and Jain temples.
Mathura became an important trading centre as well.
Farmers from neighbouring villages brought their farm produce for the people living here inside the fortified walls.
Mathura is also famous for its art and sculpture.
Mathura grew and later became the second capital city of Kushanas .
Along with these developments, Mathura became an important town.
11) How did the king keep a watch over the activities of revenue collectors?
Ans: The kings used to maintain spies to keep a watch on the activities of the revenue collectors so that they do not take away part of the revenue collected.
12) What arrangements were done to provide water for the population?
Ans: During the second urbanization , different arrangements were done to provide water for the population. Most of the towns were made close to major sources of water like rivers and lakes. There were many developments in the technique of water sourcing. Wells were dug in different forms and canals laid out to arrange water for the population.
13) Name some important trading centres related to cloth production.
Ans: Some important trading centres related to cloth production are Varanasi in north India and Madurai in south India.
14) List the functions of shrenis.
Ans: Traders and crafts persons, during second urbanization period , formed associations which were called shrenis.
Functions of shrenis:
i) The shrenis of craftspersons procured raw material and distributed the finished products. They also carried out training of new crafts persons.
ii) The shrenis of merchants and traders sold the goods in the markets.
iii) The shrenis also acted like a banking establishment. They collected money from the rich and gave them some interest. They invested the money and issued loans. They also gave some of their earnings to the religious institutions and paid taxes.
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KEY WORDS:
i) Grihapati: landowners with medium or small sized landholdings.
ii) Gramabhojaka: the biggest landholder who also served as the revenue collector.
iii) Punch - marked coins: the coins which had design impressions punched on them.
iv) Shrenis: associations of crafts persons and merchants.
v) Arretine: a kind of stamped red glazed pottery.
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