Growth of Indian Nationalism
1) When did the Battle of Plassey take place?
Ans: in 1757.
2) When did the Sepoy mutiny take place?
Ans: In 1857.
3) What are the main factors responsible for the growth of Indian Nationalism?
Ans: After the sepoy mutiny there was a growth of Indian Nationalism. Several factors led to the growth of Indian Nationalism.Some such factors are-
a) Influence of western education: The influence of western education had contributed for the growth of Indian Nationalism. The Charter Act of 1813, Lord Macaulay's contribution in 1835, the Wood's Despatch gave a lot to the education system of India. Accordingly, the newly educated Indians also came contact with the liberal and radical thoughts of great political thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, Burke etc.They were inspired by the ideas of nationalism, democracy and self - government.
The patriotic poems of Ishwar Chandra Gupta, the slogan of Vande Mataram in Bankim Chandra's Anandamath , Iqbal's Sare Jahan Se Achha rouses a strong sense of nationalism amongst the people.
b) Development of Means of Transport and Communication: The development of the modern means of transport and communication , like roads, railways, post and telegraph services helped in the growth of nationalism. In 1839, the Grand Trunk Road was constructed between Calcutta and Delhi.
The first railway line of 21 miles connecting Bombay and Thane was inaugurated in 1853. In 1854 railway construction was started in Madras. In 1883, railway networks were started between Sadiya and Dibrugarh in Assam keeping in mind trade opportunities in tea.
In 1839 Telegraph was laid between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour. So, all these developments of transport and communication led to the growth of Indian nationalism.
c) Socio- religious Reform Movement: Another imp[ortant factor for the growth of Indian nationalism is socio - religious reform movements led by the different prominent leaders. Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati , Vivekananda, Anne Besant contributed a lot for the reform of socio - religious evils from the society.
These are the major factors for the growth of Indian nationalism in India.
4) Who sought to affect a cultural synthesis between the East and the West?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
5) Who wrote ' Brahman Sabadhi' and ' Brahman Missionary Sangbad'?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
6) Who founded the Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
7) When did R.R. Roy establish the Atmiya Sabha?
Ans: In 1815.
8) Who founded Brahmo Sabha?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
9) In Which year R. R. Roy establish the Brahmo Sabha?
Ans: In 1828.
10) Write a short note on Raja Ram Mohan Roy's contribution in social reform.
or
Write about Raja Ram Mohan and Brahmo Samaj.
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer , who laid the foundation of all principal movements - social, religious, and political to fight for the advancement of the country. He sought to affect a cultural synthesis between the East and the West.
He was against the misinterpretation on Hinduism given by Christian Missionaries. He founded Brahman Sadhini and Brahman Missionary Sangbad. He wrote articles on Hindu religion and Philosophy in these pamphlets and at the same time highlighted the similarities between the tenets of the different religions of the world.
Roy established the Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta in 1815. In 1828 he founded the Brahmo Sabha which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
Roy deeply studied the ancient Hindu scriptures.He translated the Upanishads into simple and lucid Bengali comprehensible to wide readers. For him, God was a shapeless, invisible, omnipotent and omnipresent.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a multi - faceted personality. He did not confine himself only to the reformation of Hindu religion but contributed equally towards the social reformation and spread of education. He denounced casteism ,child marriage ,purdah, polygamy etc. and gave social recognition to widow remarriage and inter-caste marriage. He motivated the young man of Bengal to marry widows. He also campaigned for the abolition of Sati. It was his support that convinced Lord William Bentinck to abolish Sati permanently. He also directed his energy for the cause of women's education.He fought for the right of women to inherit property. In collaboration with David Hare, he founded the Hindu College in Kolkata in 1817 who is later became the famous Presidency College ( 1855).
Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the separation of the judiciary from the executive and also codification of the civil and criminal laws. He took up the cause of the poor peasants. He strongly urged the government to reduce the amount of land revenue and the introduce welfare measures for them. In 1833 he visited the House of Commons to present certain demands of the Indians to the British government.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy inspired many to work for the regeneration of the society. Dwarkanath Tagore ,Prasanna Kumar Tagore,Henry Vivian Derozio were deeply influenced by him.
11) Write a short note on Arya samaj.
Or
Write about the contribution of Swami Dayanand Saraswati on Arya Samaj.
Ans: Arya Samaj was founded in the year of 1875. It was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Like Brahma Samaj,Arya Samaj also believed in the unity of God , encouraged monotheism and discouraged polytheism and idol worship. It criticised child marriage, casteism, and polygamy as social ills. Swamiji was a strong advocate of equal status between men and women. He pleded for widow remarriage and spread of education among women. Swamiji considered the Vedas as the true source of Hinduism. He gave the slogan" Go back to the Vedas". Arya Samaj also began the Sudhi movement to convert non- Hindus to Hinduism by which they could not only preserve the identity but also take the nation to the path of progress.
12) Write about Prarthana Samaj .
Ans: Prarthana Samaj was started by Keshab Chandra Sen in 1869. Prarthana Samaj chiefly devoted its attention to social reforms . The influence of Prarthana Samaj extended to the whole of South India. It's most important reformer was justice Mahadev Govind Ranade. Drawing inspiration from the teachings of neo -vaishnavite Bhakti saints like Namdev, Tukaram and Ramdas ,he worked hard for the upliftment of his people and progress of the society. Ranadhe established Widow Remarriage Association and the Deccan Education Society.
The Widow Remarriage Association not only encouraged the remarriage among widows but also extended employment opportunities by establishing cottage industries for them.
The Deccan Education society did a lot of work for the spread of education amongst people particularly among the orphans. They also established many orphanages for the homeless and night schools for the illiterate and unprivilased. The activities of the Prarthana Samaj promoted the spirit of nationalism in minds of the people of Southern India.
13) Write about Ramakrishna Mission.
Ans: The Ramakrishna mission was established to spread the message of Ramakrishna paramhansa .Ramakrishna paramhansa was a simple and pious man .
Swami Vivekananda was the founder of Ramakrishna mission. He wanted to spread the true message of Hinduism far and wide. He wanted to create a sense of love for the country among the youth, infuse in them self confidence and develop spirituality in their minds. He wanted to unite the Indians as well as to prove the fact that Indian philosophy and spiritual ideas were the best in the world. He worked hard to spread this message to the different parts of the world.
Through his speeches Vivekananda infused the people a sense of pride in India's culture and heritage. His striking oratory at the Parliament of Religious held at Chicago in 1893 deeply stirred the conscience of the American people. His learned interpretations on Hindu culture and India's glorious past made a great impression on Indian minds .It prepared them to face the challenges of British imperialism.
14) Who was swami Vivekananda?
Ans: Swami Vivekananda was the founder of Ramakrishna mission. His a real name was narendranath Dutta. He was a meritorious student of Kolkata University. He was a discipl ab Ramakrishna paramhansa. After Paramhansa's death ,he established the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897.
15) Write about the Theosophical Society.
Ans: The Theosophical Society was an international society. It was founded in New York in 1875. It's branch was opened in India at Adyar in Madras in 1885.
The Theosophical Society became a great social force in Indian life because of the efforts of Mrs. Anne Besant.
Through social service she wanted to revive among the Indians a sense of self respect and pride for India's past. She reminded the Indians about the richness of Indian philosophy, culture and heritage. By reviving ancient ideals and institutions, she was convinced the that she could help the people to regain their lost faith and overcome their inferiority complex. Hence she started the Central Hindu School in Banaras in 1898 which ultimately became the Banaras Hindi University in 1916.
Anne Besant loved India like her motherland. She started the Home Rule league in 1916 and spread the message of self rule among the Indians .She presided over the Indian National Congress in 1917. She was the first lady president of the Indian National Congress .
16) Write about Anne Besant.
Ans: Anne Besant was born on 1 October ,1847 ,in London, England. She was an Irish lady who came and settled in India in 1893. She started the Home Rule league in 1916. She presided over the Indian National Congress in 1917. She was the first lady president of the Indian National Congress. She died on 20 September 1933 at Madras.
17) Write about the Aligarh movement.
Ans: The spread of modern education and the development of nationalism among the Indian Muslims centering round the Aligarh College came to be known as the Aligarh movement. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the central figure behind this awakening. He believed that the best means some social awakening was through education; hence he established an English medium School at Gazipur in 1864. In 1865 he set up a Science Society at Aligarh and translated some of the noted English books into Urdu. In 1875 he established the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College. Within a limited span of time it became a great centre of learning western literature and culture.
The Aligarh College raised the level of political consciousness among the Indian Muslims. After the Indian National Congress, the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College was the next national organisation which made commendable contributions towards the growth of nationalism in India. In this regard Theodore Back, Principle of the College played a leading role in opening the flood gates of Western ideas , western culture and literature to the Indian Muslims. This newly educated class tried to remove the social abuses within the Muslim community. In 1920 this college was raised to the status of University called Aligarh Muslim University by the British government.
28) Write about the social religious reform movement of India.
Ans:
a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahma Samaj.
b) Arya Samaj.
c) Prarthana Samaj
d) Ramakrishna Mission
e) The Theosophical Society
f)The Aligarh Movement.
( These topics have been already discussed in the above)
29) How did the printing press in India lead to the growth of Indian nationalism? Discuss.
Ans: The Europeans introduced the printing press in India for the first time. The first newspaper published in India was the Bengal Gazette published by James Augustus Hicky in 1780.
The newly educated Indians gradually realised the importance of the printing press as a powerful means of mass communication.Thus, the latter half of the 19th century witnessed the rapid growth of vernacular newspapers in India. These newspapers voiced the sufferings of the native people and exposed the evils of British imperialism. It was due to the efforts of the vernacular press that the newly developed nationalism didn't remain confined to the intelligentsia and reached the common people throughout the country.
The vernacular Press was highly critical of the policies of the British Government in India and had succeeded in building up public opinion against the colonial rulers. Then newspapers published from Bengal made noteworthy contributions. Papers like Bangadarshan, Sanjivani ,Aryadarshan ,Amrita Bazar Patrika ,published from Bengal during the second half of the 19th century served as powerful instrument in rousing political consciousness among the people.
After 1861, famines had occurred at many places in India and people were dying because of food scarcity. The Indian newspapers criticised the failure of the British government in India under Lord Lytton in extending relief measures among the people.
30) How did the British government controlled the Indian press?
Ans: The Europeans introduced the printing press in India for the first time. The first newspaper published in India was the Bengal Gazette published by James Augustus Hicky in 1780.
The government became convinced of the role played by the press towards Indian Renaissance and growth of Indian nationalism. That is why they decided to increase their control over the vernacular press. Lord Wellesley imposed censorship on the Indian press by the Censorship Act, 1799. In 1807 ,Lord Hastings abolished the Censorship Act but prohibited the publication of articles which tarnish the image of British government in India. In 1823 John Adam reversed the policy of Lord Hastings and again imposed the restrictions on the Indian press. Raja Ram Mohan Roy vehemantly protested this.
During famines, the Indian newspapers criticised the failure of the British government in India under Lord Lytton in extending relief measures among the people. In retailisation to this, Lytton passed the ill- famous Vernacular Press Act of 1878. All over India many printing presses were closed down. Following this ,printing of papers like Hindu from Madras, Kesari from Bombay ,Amrita Bazar Patrika from Calcutta etc. were stopped.
31) Who founded the Indian Association?
Ans: Surendranath Banerjee, in 1875.
32) Who was the first Indian ICS officer?
Ans: Surendranath Banerjee.
34) Write about the role of Surendranath Banerjee on reforms of civil service examination made by the British government.
Ans: During the time of Lord Lytton , the British Government had reduced the maximum age for appearing in the ICS examination from 21 to 19 years. This was intentionally done to deprive the Indians from this coveted job. Since the examinations were held at London, it became very difficult for any Indian of 19 years to get these jobs. Surendranath Banerjee took up this question and organized an all - Indian agitation against it. The Indian Civil Service Agitation raised the level of political consciousness among the Indian people. Banerjee took up a whirlwind tour to different places of India to build up a strong public opinion against this. Renowned barrister Lal Mohan Ghosh was sent to London to submit a memorandum to the British House of Commons. Ghosh's oratory skill made a deep impression in England and the British Government was compelled to raise the age- limit again to 21 years.The success of the movement created grate enthusiasm among the Indians.
35) When did Surendranath Banerjee convened the Indian National Congress in Calcutta?
Ans: In 1883.
36) Write about the formation of Indian National Congress.
Ans: Indian National Congress was formed with an initiative of Allan Octavian Hume, during the tenure of Lord Dufferin. On 28 December 1885, the congregation was held at Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College Hall, Bombay. It was attended by 72 delegates from different parts of the country. Womesh Chandra Banerjee became the first President of Indian National Congress.
37) Who were Lal- Bal- Pal?
Ans: Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
38) Who was the first Indian to become a member of the House of Commons?
Ans: Dadabhai Naoroji .
39)Who demanded the abolition of the Opium trade between India and China?
Ans: Dadabhai Naoroji .
40) Fill in the blank:
Naoroji presided over the Indian National Congress thrice in 1886,1893 and 1906 respectively.
41) What was the main factor responsible for the growth of Indian nationalism?
Ans: The influence of western education.
42) Who was the writer of Anandamath?
Ans: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
43) Who composed the song "Sare Jahan se Achha"?
Ans: Iqbal.
44) When and where was the first railway line in India constructed?
Ans:In 1853, between Bombay and Thana.
45) When and where was the first telegraph line in India constructed?
Ans:In 1839, between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour.
46) When and where was the first printing press established in India?
Ans: The Europeans,
47) when was the Calcutta Presidency college established? By what name was is known earlier?
Ans:In 1817, Hindu College. It renamed as Presidency College in 1855.
48) Mention two important social reforms of Lord William Bentinck.
Ans:a) Abolition of Sati.
b) Introduction of women's education.
49) Name the first newspaper published in India.
Ans: The Bengal Gazette.
50) Write briefly how the revolt of 1857 led to the growth of Indian nationalism?
Ans: The revolt of 1857 was a bid of the Indians for political freedom. The rebels wanted to drive away the British from India and make Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II their actual ruler.Thouth the revolt of 1857 failed,its results were far- reaching.The revolt of 1857 marked the beginning of national awakening in India.
51) Write the main objectives of Wood's despatch?
Ans: The main objectives of wood's despatch are:
a) Spread of modern system of education in India.
b) The Wood's despatch presented a systematic educational hierarchy from primary through the high school and college to University.
c) It encouraged vernacular at the school level and English at the university level. Scholarships were to be presented to meritorious students of the government. A system of a grant -in -aid was laid down to encourage the growth in number of educational institutions.
d) Wood also recommended the establishment of Education Department in all the provinces.
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