A. Basic Concepts
1. What is sovereignty? — The supreme and final authority of the state.
2. Who is regarded as the first systematic theorist of sovereignty? — Jean Bodin.
3. Which book contains Bodin’s theory of sovereignty? — Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576).
4. How did Jean Bodin define sovereignty? — As an absolute and perpetual power of the commonwealth.
5. What are the two broad dimensions of sovereignty? — Internal and external sovereignty.
6. What does internal sovereignty mean? — Supreme authority within the territory of the state.
7. What does external sovereignty mean? — Independence of the state from external political authority.
8. What is legal sovereignty? — The supreme law-making authority recognised by law.
9. What is political sovereignty? — The ultimate political power or influence in a state.
10. What is popular sovereignty? — The principle that ultimate political authority belongs to the people.
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B. Thinkers and Sovereignty
11. Who associated sovereignty with “absolute and perpetual power”? — Jean Bodin.
12. Who advocated absolute and undivided sovereign authority? — Thomas Hobbes.
13. Which book contains Hobbes's theory of sovereignty? — Leviathan (1651).
14. According to Hobbes, why is a strong sovereign necessary? — To maintain peace and prevent disorder.
15. Who connected political authority with consent and natural rights? — John Locke.
16. Which book contains Locke’s theory of government? — Two Treatises of Government.
17. Who developed the theory of popular sovereignty based on the general will? — Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
18. Which book contains Rousseau’s theory of popular sovereignty? — The Social Contract (1762).
19. According to Rousseau, to whom does sovereignty belong? — The people.
20. According to Rousseau, is sovereignty alienable? — No.
21. According to Rousseau, is sovereignty divisible? — No.
22. Who developed the classical theory of legal sovereignty? — John Austin.
23. Which book contains Austin’s theory of sovereignty? — The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832).
24. How did Austin define the sovereign? — As a determinate human superior habitually obeyed by the bulk of society and not habitually obedient to another earthly authority.
25. What is Austin’s theory of sovereignty also called? — Monistic theory of sovereignty.
26. Who strongly criticised the monistic theory of sovereignty? — H. J. Laski.
27. Which theory is associated with Laski? — Pluralist theory of sovereignty.
28. Name two other important pluralist thinkers besides Laski. — J. N. Figgis and G. D. H. Cole.
29. What is the central claim of pluralist theory? — Authority is distributed among multiple social associations rather than concentrated exclusively in the state.
30. Who emphasised functional representation in relation to pluralism? — G. D. H. Cole.
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C. Types of Sovereignty
31. What is de jure sovereignty? — Legally recognised sovereignty.
32. What is de facto sovereignty? — Sovereignty actually exercised in practice.
33. What is nominal sovereignty? — Formal or titular sovereignty.
34. What is real sovereignty? — Effective political authority actually exercised.
35. What is internal sovereignty also called? — Domestic sovereignty.
36. What is external sovereignty closely associated with? — Independence.
37. What is popular sovereignty closely associated with? — Democracy and consent of the people.
38. Which type of sovereignty is particularly associated with John Austin? — Legal sovereignty.
39. Which type of sovereignty is strongly associated with Rousseau? — Popular sovereignty.
40. Which type of sovereignty concerns authority within a state's territory? — Internal sovereignty.
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D. Sovereignty and International Relations
41. Which historical settlement is traditionally associated with the modern sovereign state system? — Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
42. What is the traditional Westphalian principle of sovereignty? — States possess supreme authority within their territories and are politically independent externally.
43. What principle is closely connected with Westphalian sovereignty? — Non-intervention.
44. What does sovereignty mean in the external sphere of international relations? — The absence of legal subordination to another state.
45. Which IR theory places sovereign states at the centre of international politics? — Realism.
46. Which realist thinker emphasised national interest and power? — Hans J. Morgenthau.
47. Which thinker associated international politics with anarchy and the distribution of capabilities? — Kenneth Waltz.
48. What does “anarchy” mean in Waltz’s theory? — The absence of a central governing authority above states.
49. Which English School thinker analysed sovereign states as members of an international society? — Hedley Bull.
50. Which book by Hedley Bull discusses international society? — The Anarchical Society.
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E. Sovereignty and Statehood
51. Which international convention is important for identifying the criteria of statehood? — Montevideo Convention of 1933.
52. How many criteria of statehood are specified in Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention? — Four.
53. What is the first Montevideo criterion? — Permanent population.
54. What is the second Montevideo criterion? — Defined territory.
55. What is the third Montevideo criterion? — Government.
56. What is the fourth Montevideo criterion? — Capacity to enter into relations with other states.
57. What is the memory formula for the Montevideo criteria? — PTGC: Population, Territory, Government, Capacity.
58. What does Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention say about recognition? — The political existence of a state is independent of recognition by other states.
59. Which theory of recognition is associated with Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention? — Declaratory theory.
60. What principle of equality is associated with Article 4 of the Montevideo Convention? — Juridical equality of states.
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F. Contemporary Sovereignty
61. Has globalisation completely abolished state sovereignty? — No.
62. What has globalisation done to sovereignty according to the transformationalist approach? — It has transformed and restructured its exercise.
63. Which approach argues that globalisation significantly weakens state sovereignty? — Hyperglobalist approach.
64. Which approach questions the extent and novelty of globalisation? — Sceptical approach.
65. Which approach argues that globalisation transforms rather than simply destroys sovereignty? — Transformationalist approach.
66. What is the relationship between sovereignty and international law today? — Sovereignty is exercised within a framework of international legal obligations.
67. What has constitutionalism done to the classical idea of sovereignty? — It has placed political authority under constitutional limitations.
68. What is the relationship between sovereignty and human rights in contemporary politics? — State sovereignty increasingly operates alongside international human-rights obligations.
69. Does membership in international organisations necessarily abolish sovereignty? — No.
70. What is the contemporary understanding of sovereignty? — Sovereignty remains central but is constitutionally, legally and internationally conditioned.
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Important Book–Thinker One-Liners
71. Who wrote Six Books of the Commonwealth? — Jean Bodin.
72. Who wrote Leviathan? — Thomas Hobbes.
73. Who wrote Two Treatises of Government? — John Locke.
74. Who wrote The Social Contract? — Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
75. Who wrote The Province of Jurisprudence Determined? — John Austin.
76. Who wrote A Grammar of Politics? — H. J. Laski.
77. Who wrote Churches in the Modern State? — J. N. Figgis.
78. Who is associated with functional representation and guild socialism? — G. D. H. Cole.
79. Who wrote Theory of International Politics? — Kenneth Waltz.
80. Who wrote The Anarchical Society? — Hedley Bull.
Super-Quick Revision Formula
Bodin → Absolute & Perpetual
Hobbes → Absolute & Undivided
Locke → Consent & Limited Government
Rousseau → Popular Sovereignty & General Will
Austin → Legal Sovereignty & Determinate Superior
Laski → Pluralism
Westphalia → State Sovereignty
Montevideo → Statehood Criteria
Morgenthau → Power & National Interest
Waltz → Anarchy & Structure
Bull → International Society
Globalisation → Transformation of Sovereignty
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