GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA 

 1). In which hemisphere is India located?

Ans: In Northern Hemisphere.

2) Fill in the blanks 

a) India lies in the continent of Asia.

b) India is a large the democratic country of the world.

c) India is situated in the southern part of Asia.

3) Give a brief description about geographical diversity of India.

Ans: Geographically India is a diverse country. Diversity are apparent due to its variations in climate, physical environment and social economic conditions. In one hand ,there is severe cold climate of the high snow covered Himalayas and on the other ,there prevails very hot the climate in dry Sandy desert of Rajasthan. There are deep forests with broad leaf trees and, on the other hand, there are regions of thorny bushes without leaf.

          The Indian landmass has diversities characterised by various landforms of mountains, hills, plateaus ,plains ,floodplains etc . Such physical diversities have also brought about social and economic variations in the country. There  are some socially and economically backward societies  in some places and against this, some modern urban societies in other places of the country also grow.

           From the above, we can call India is a diverse country.

4. Which is the largest continent of the world?

Ans: Asia.

5. Give a brief description about location and size of India.

Ans: India is situated in the southern part of  Asia.

It's surroundings:

a)In the north- high Himalayas and China.

b) In the south- the Indian Ocean and Sri Lanka 

c) In the east -the bay of Bengal and Myanmar 

d) In the West -the Arabian Sea and Pakistan.

             The Indian landmass extends from Kashmir to the Cape Comorin in the north -south extension and from Arunachal Pradesh to Saurastra in its east - west extension. The country located between 8°4'28"N and 37°17'53"N latitudes and 68°7'33"E and 97°24'47" E longitudes.The 23°30'N line our latitude or  the Tropic of Cancer runs through the midway of the country and divided the country into two equal - Northern and Southern hemisphere. The southern part is situated between the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.

           The land mass of India has north- south extension of 3,214 km and the east -west extension of 2,933 km. India has about 6,100 km long coastlines along the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west , and the Indian ocean in the south. India has a total of 15,200 km . long the boundaries along Pakistan in the West, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, China in the east and the Bangladesh and Myanmar in the south- east.

              India is a vast country .In terms of its size it is the seventh largest country of the world. India has a total area of 3,287,263 square km .IT occupies about 2.4 percent of the total area of the earth .Because of its largest size and vast extension it is called the subcontinent. it has 28 the states and 8 union territories and it is the largest democratic country of the world.

6. What do you mean by Indus- Ganga- Brahmaputra plain?

Ans: The vast fertile  plain created by the Indus, Ganges- Brahmaputra rivers and their innumberable tributaries is  known  as Indus- Ganga Brahmaputra plain.

7. Which  plain is situated in the western part of India?

Ans: Rajasthan. 

8. What is known as the Thar desert?

Ans: Rajasthan plain is situated in the western part of India.This plain is dry and sandy. It is known as the Thar Desert.

9) Why is India known as the land of rivers?

Ans: India is a famous for its large number of rivers. So it is known as the land of rivers.

10) Name some important major lakes of India.

Ans: Ular in Kashmir, the Puskar and Samber in Rajputana, Chilka in Orissa,the Kolar and Policot in  Tamil Nadu and Loktak in Manipur.

11) What are the differences between north Indian rivers and South Indian rivers?

Ans: The difference between north Indian rivers and South Indian rivers are:

(a) The north Indian rivers have their water flows throughout the year as they are coming out of the snow-covered high mountains. But the rivers of south India generally originate from the mountains and plateaus of comparatively low height and so they get dired out during winter.

b) The three courses of the river -upper course ,middle course and lowar course are distinctly seen in the North Indian rivers, but these are not so distinct in the case of the South Indian rivers.

c) The valleys of the north Indian rivers are wide but the valleys  of the South Indian rivers are comparatively narrow.

d) The rivers of South India are older .On the other hand the rivers of North India are relatively younger.

(e) The north Indian rivers are not swift flowing rivers and they carry high sediment load. So, these rivers are not so suitable for hydropower generation. But the south Indian rivers are swift-flowing rivers and they carry less amount of sediment load, hence these rivers are very suitable for hydropower generation.

(f) The north Indian rivres have their fertile valleys and so, these are densely populated, whereas the south Indian rivers valleys are comparatively less fertile and hence population density is not so high there.

(g) As the rivers of north India are navigable, many cities have grown up on their banks. On the other hand, the rivers of south India are not navigable and so, not many large cities are found to grow up on their banks.

(h) The north Indian rivers are generally long and large deltas are formed at their mouths. But the south Indian rivers are comparatively short and only few rivers have deltas at their mouths.

12) Write the name of two rivers of North India.

Ans: Ganga and Brahmaputra.

13) Write the name of South Indian rivers.

Ans: Mahanadi ,Godavari Krishna , Kaveri ,Narmada  and Tapi.

14) Write about the physiographic divisions of India.

Ans: Based on the structure and characteristics of physiographic units, India can be divided into four physiographic divisions,such as,

(i) The northern Himalayas,

 (ii) The northern plains, 

(iii) The Deccan plateau, and 

(iv) The coastal region 

Besides these four regions, the Indian islands of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea may also be regarded as another physiographic unit of the country.

(i) The Northern Himalayas :

The Himalayas are the highest mountains of the world. It has many branches. The Himalayas with its all branches are altogether known as the Himalayan mountain system. This mountain system extends over India, Nepal, Bhutan and China.

Himalayan system of India:

The Himalayan region of India lies in the northern part of the country. It extends from the Nanga Parbat of Kashmir to the easternmost boarder of Arunachal Pradesh in east-west direction. The mountainous region with a length of about 2,500 km and width ranging from about 240 km to 500 km covers an area of about 5,00,000 kms. Its height from the mean sea level is more than 8,000 m.

The geologists have confirmed that the Himalayas were formed during the Terfiary period. The place where the present Himalayas are standing was occupied by a sea millions of years ago. The name of the sea is the Tethys sea. There were two ancient landmasses on the north and south of this sea. The northern landmass is known as the Angaraland, while the southern landmass is known as the Gondwanaland. The sediments eroded from these two landmasses got deposited on the bottom of the Tethys sea. In due course of time, the heavily deposited sediments put pressure downward, and as a result the northern and southern edges of the sea came closer. In other words, the northern landmass moved southward and the southern landmass moved northward. This caused the sediments to squeeze out and later on turned into mountain folds after solidification. The Himalayas are believed to have born through this process. The squeezing out sediments took wavy forms creating folded mountain ranges and hence Himalayas are called folded mountains. However, it is important to note that the Himalayan ranges were not formed at a time. These mountain ranges had developed during several mountain building phases of the past. Thus, the geologists have opined that the Himalayas have acquired its present shape, size and height during the mountain building processes continued for about the last 7 million years. The Himalayan ranges are composed of easily erodible rocks of the Tertiary period. So, the rivers coming out of the Himalayas carry enormous amount of sediments. The higher peaks of the Himalayas are covered by snows. The glaciers originate from these snow deposits. There are many such glaciers in the Himalayan region. Most of the glaciers have their lengths from 3 to 5 kms. These glaciers are the main sources of the numerous rivers coming out of the Himalayas.

In east-west direction the Himalayas can be divided into three parallel ranges, viz. the higher Himalayas, the lesser Himalayas and the outer Himalayas. Among these the Higher Himalayas having eastwest extension are the northernmost ranges. These snow covered ranges attain an average height of about 6,000m. These are very steep ranges and they gradually go on sloping 8 towards north, and finally merge with the Tibetan plateau of China. Just on the south of the Greater Himalayas, there stands the lesser Himalayas. Its average height is 4,000mm .Its width varies from 60 to 80 km. Its adjacent ranges towards south are the outer Himalayas. These ranges are comparitively lower in height and their average height is 1,000m. The height of the ranges gradually decreases southwards and they finally merge with the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains. With a width of 15 km to 50 km the outer Himalayan ranges also cover the foothill region. It is also known as Siwaliks in some places.

The eastern and southern parts of the North-Eastern region are also covered by the hills and mountain ranges. As these ranges are attached with the Himalayas, they may also be included in the Himalayan Region.

(ii) The Northern Plains :

The northern plain region lies between the Himalayan ranges in the north and the Deccan Plateau in the south. In extends from Assam in the east to the Indo-Pakistan border in the west with a total length of 2,400km. This physiographic unit is mainly known as the Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain. This vast plain has its different widths at different places. The Indo-Ganga plain has width ranging from 240 km to 320 km and the Brahmaputra plain has an average width of 80 km. The entire northern plain region covers a total area of about 7,00,000 km². 

The vast northern plain region consists of five plains. These five plains are the western plain, Punjab-Haryana plain, Ganga plain, North Bengal plain, the western plain and Brahmaputra plain includes the dry areas of Punjab and Haryana. The Punjab-Haryana plain has been created by the Sutlej, Beas an Ravi rivers. The Ganga plain covering the plain areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal has been created by the rivers Ganga and Jamuna. The rivers of the northern Himalayas have created the North Bengal plain. Similarly, the Brahmaputra and its large number of tributaries have created the Brahmaputra plain of Assam.

The three principal Himalayan rivers, the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra with their innumerable tributaries have altogether created the vast northern plain. The tributaries of the Indus, viz. Sutlej. Beas and Ravi are carrying alluvial sediments which are deposited on the eastern parts of Punjab and Haryana, thereby creating the fertile plain. This plain is sloping towards south and as it is very fertile it has high density of population. This plain region covers an area of 1.75 lakh km². On the other hand the river Ganges and its many tributaries coming out of the Himalayas have created the Ganga plain. The river Ganges originates from the Gongotri glacier of Higher Himalayas. It has its course through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal and then through Bangladesh. It finally runs to the Bay of Bengal. While flowing through the plains of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, the Ganga river takes its different tributaries like Alakananda, Jamuna, Ram Ganga. Gomti, Ghagra, Gandak, Son, Koshi etc. The Ganga and its many tributaries have been carrying enormous sediments from the northern Himalayas, thereby creating the Ganga plain. This plain covers a total area of 3,57,000 km² of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It is densely populated and agriculturally advanced due to its fertile soils and good transport facilities.

The other principal Himalayan river-the Brahmaputra and its tributaries have created the Brahmaputra plain of Assam. The Brahmaputra originates from the glacier called Chema-yu-Dung located in Tibetan plateau of China. This river enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and then flows through Assam and Bangladesh. It meets the river Ganga before it finally falls into the Bay of Bengal. The 700 km long course of the Brahmaputra through Assam receives a large number of tributaries from the northern and southern sides. Among the north bank tributaries the Subansiri, Jia-Bharali, Dhansiri (north), Puthimari, Pagladia, Manas, Champabati are important. The important south bank tributaries include the Burhi Dihing, Disang, Dikhow, Dhansiri (south), Kapili and Krishnai. The Brahmaputra plain has formed due to deposition of sediments carried by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries from the Himalayan region. The plain with an average width of 80 km is sloping from north-east to south-west. This plain characterised by fertile alluvial soils and favourable physiography is comparatively more developed than the other regions of North-East India. But many parts of the plain get inundated by floods during summer.

To the west of the fertile Indo-Ganga Brahmaputra plain of India, the dry, desertic plain of Rajasthan is located. It is a part of the Thar Desert. Most of its areas are dry and sandy.

(iii) The Deccan Plateau :

The Deccan Plateau is situated on the south of the north Indian plain. This plateau being triangular in shape is composed of old hard rocks. This vast plateau region includes Malwa plateau and Vindhya  mountain in the north and Chotanagpur plateau on the north-east. The Vindhya, Satpura, Mahadev and Mahakal mountains have divided this plateau into northern and southern parts. The northern part is relatively less extensive and the Malwa and Chotanagar plateaus are located here. But, the southern part is more extensive. This part extends from the Satpura, Mahadev and Mahakal mountains to Cape Comorin. It is bordered by the Western Ghats on the west and the Eastern Ghats on the east. The Deccan plateau as a whole is higher towards the Western Ghats and sloping towards the Eastern Ghats. According to such slope, almost all the south Indian rivers are flowing from west to east towards the Bay of Bengal. Among these rivers, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and Kaveri are important. But the region lying between the Satpura and Vindhya mountains has its slope from east to west, and so the two major rivers-Narmada and Tapti are flowing towards west and they finally pour into the Gulf of Combay.

(iv) The Coastal Region :

The coastal region of India is situated on the eastern and western boundary of the country along the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It has generally height between 30m and 50m from the mean sea level. It is long and narrow. It can be divided into eastern and western coastal regions. The eastern coastal region is situated between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It extends from the mouth of the Ganges to the Cape Comorin. It is about 1,100km long with an average width of 120 km. It is made up of the coastal plains and deltas created by the major rivers of the Deccan plateau. So, it is relatively more wider and fertile than the western coast. In this coastal region the Chilka, Kolar and Pulicat lakes are located.) The northern and southern parts of the eastern coast are known by their different names. The northern coast extending from the Godavari river mouth to the Ganges river mouth is known as North Circars and the southern coast extending from the mouth of the Godavari to the Cape Comorin is known as the Coromandal coast.

 Indias west coastal region is located between the Arabian sea and the Western Ghats. It extends from the Gulf of Combay in the north Cape Comorin in the south. This coastal region is long but narrow. Its length is about 1,500 km and width ranges between 10 km and 15 km. Like the east coast, this coast is also known by two names for its two parts. The northern part lying between Mumbai and Mangalore is known as the Konkan coast. Again the southern part lying between Mangalore and Cape Comorin is called the Malabar coast. 

Besides the four major physiographic units discussed above, the Indian islands may also be considered as a separate physiographic division. Indian islands can be included in two groups. One group is known as Lakshadweep and the other is known as the Andaman and Nicobar islands. These two island groups are the union territories of India. The capitals of Lakshadweep and Andaman. Nicobar island are respectively Kavaratti and Port Blair. The Lakshadweep is situated in the Arabian Sea just west of the Malabar coast. It consists mainly of three major islands-Lakshadweep, Minicoy and Amin islands and there are all total 25 small and large islands associated with this island group. These islands have their average height of 3-5 m from the mean sea level. As an union territory Lakshadweep has a total area of 32 km². On the other hand, the Andaman Nicobar islands are located in the Bay of Bengal far away from the Coromandal coast. The Andaman includes 204 numbers of islands and the Nicobar includes 11 numbers of islands, thereby the Andaman-Nicobar island group consists of a total of 215 numbers of islands of different sizes. This island group is extending for a length of about 590 km and for a width of about 58 km. Its total area is 8,249 km². Its height from sea level is not more than 5 m. The physiography climate, vegetations and life styles and socio-economic conditions of the people are different in these island groups than that of the other physiographic divisions of the country due to their maritime locations and environments.

15) What are the factors behind the variations of climatic condition in India.

Ans: 

a) vastness of the country.

b) distance from the equator ( latitudes)

c) varied physiography.

d) differences in elevation

e) distance from the sea and 

e) impact of the monsoon.

16) What is the latitudinal extent of India?

Ans: The latitudinal extent of India is from 8°4'28" N line of latitudes to 37°17'53" line of latitudes.

17) Which divided the country into two hemispheres?

Ans: The tropic of Cancer divided the country into two hemispheres; the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

18)Why is the southern part of India is relatively warmer than the northern part?

Ans: the Northern part of India falls in the temperate climatic zone, while the southern part falls in the tropical climatic zone. So the southern part of India is relatively warmer than the northern part.

19) Name the places which enjoy different types of climate because of their variations in elevations, although they are located in the same latitudes.

Ans: Agra and Darjeeling.

20) Write a note on the impact of monsoons in India.

Ans: The impact of monsoons on Indian climate is significant. Monsoons blow in different seasons of the year, especially during summer and winter. In summer the south-west monsoons blow and in winter the north-east monsoons blow. The south-west monsoons enter India after blowing over the Arabian sea. As this wind comes from the southwestern side, it is called south-west monsoons. This wind carries enormous amount of moisture from the Arabian sea and hits the western Ghats. Then it rises up and on getting cold rain occurs. In this way, the western coasts such as the Konkan and the Malabar coasts receive more than 300 cm of rainfall annually. This wind after crossing the western Ghats flows over the Bay of Bengal. While flowing over the Bay of Bengal, the wind again takes enormous amount of moisture and then advances towards Assam and North-East. It hits the Meghalaya plateau, and as a result high rainfall takes place on the southern slope of the plateau. The Cherrapunji area of the Meghalaya plateau receives about 1250 cm of rainfall annually. This wind then crosses the Meghalaya plateau and enters into Assam. It then moves further north and gets obstructed by the foothills of the Himalayas. In this way, Assam and the foothills of Himalayas also receive heavy rainfall due to the south-west monsoons during summer.

The north-east monsoons, on the other hand blow during winter. This cold wind flows from the central Asia and enters India from north- east direction. This is why, it is called the north-east monsoon. The northern Himalayas mountains stand as a barrier to this cold wind, and so the northern India is not affected by severe coldness due to this wind. However, a portion of this wind comes across the Himalayas and enters into India. As it comes from the land areas of central Asia, it is dry and it cannot produce rainfall. But, when this wind flows over the Bay of Bengal, it carries some amount of moisture. This moisture-carrying wind then gets obstructed with the Eastern Ghats and thus rainfall takes place on the east coast, espically along the Cormondal coast.

21) Outline the pattern of rainfall distribution in India.

Ans: The monsoons have their direct impact on Indian agriculture. Due to rainfall caused by the monsoons, crops grow well and crop production also increases. In this regard, the impact of south-west monsoons is more important than that of the north-east monsoons. Because, more rainfall takes place during the south-west monsoons. But, the remarkable point is that rainfall is not uniformly distributed over all the palces of the country .

If we look into the average annual rainfall distribution in India, it can be seen that heavy rainfall (more than 300 cm on annual average) occurs along the Himalayas foothills of the NorthEastern region, southern parts of the Meghalaya plateau and the western slopes of the Western Ghats. Of course, highest amount of rainfall takes place along the outer Himalayan ranges of Arunachal Pradesh. In this region there occurs more than 400 cm of average annual rainfall. On the other hand, less than 50 cm of average annual rainfall takes place in the Thar desert of Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas. In the Thar desert there are some areas which receive even less than 20 cm of rainfall. The northern and western parts of the Deccan plateau and the areas in the around Gujarat also receive less amount of rainfall. In these areas rainfall occurs in between 50 cm and 100 cm. But, rainfall of medium range between 100 cm and 200 cm on average annual basis is found to occur in the northern plains of India including the Brahmaputra plain. 

22) Write about the seasons of India.

Ans: In India four seasons are observed in a year. These are -

a) Pre - Monsoon : In the pre - monsoon season both temperature and rainfall start increasing. When temperature increases the air pressure  decreases and there occurs disturbance in the atmosphere. As a result ,heavy rains ,strong winds and thunderstorms etc. take place. The thunderstorm occuring in Assam during the pre -monsoon season is locally called Bordoichilla.

b) Monsoon : After the pre- monsoon, the monsoonal season starts and naturally temperature and monsoonal rains also start increasing .Of course, due to rains that temperature becomes somewhat less in this season. 

c) Pre- Winter :As the monsoon season ends, the pre winter season starts and rainfall also starts decreasing.

d) Winter: During the winter season rainfall further decreases  and severe cold is experienced. 

According to the Indian Meteorological Department, the pre - monsoon season extends  from middle of March to May, monsoon season from June to September, pre- winter season from October to mid- December and winter season from mid- December to mid - March.

The period covering the monsoon and some portions of the pre- monsoon season may also be called the summer season.

23) write about that types and distribution of vegetation of India.

Ans: The types and distribution of vegetation of India are described below:

 (a) Evergreen Vegetations: The evergreen vegetations are found to grow in regions having average annual rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature between 25°C and 27°C. These vegetations generally include tall and big trees and they form thick forests. The trees are tall upto 45m. Besides tall trees, cane, bamboo, ferns, and creepers of various kinds are also found as under growth on the ground. The trees donot shed their leaves in any season of the year and so, they are called evergreen forest. The valuable trees which grow in the evergreen forest are sisum, sandal, rubber etc. Evergreen vegetations are mainly found in the western slopes of the western Ghats, Himalayan` foothills of Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Assam Region, and the hills of Manipur and Mizoram and also in the Andaman islands.

(b) Monsoonal Vegetations : Monsoonal vegetations generally grow in most of the regions of India. These vegetations are found in the regions having average annual rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm and temperature of about 27°C. Monsoonal vegetations are dependent on rainfall occuring during the monsoon season. As rainfall and temperature decrease in winter, the soils become dry and the trees shed their leaves during winter. The sal, teak, siris, sisu, simul and varieties of bamboos are the major trees of Monsoonal forests. Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, some parts of Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and the eastern parts of the Deccan Plateau and the humid areas of the south Indian states are the regions where Monsoonal vegetations grow. These vegetations are also found in the Andaman and Nicobar islands.

(c) Dry thorny Vegetations: Dry thorny vegetations generally grow is the regions where average annual rainfall is less than 50 cm and temperature is usually high. The soil is sandy and the water content in soil is less. So, the vegetations have their thorny leaves instead of broad-leaf to check evapo-transpiration. This type of vegetation is found in the western part of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan and south-western part of Punjab. Acacia, different varieties of cactus, date, palm etc. are the major trees of drylands and deserts.

(d) Grassland Vegetations: It is remarkable that extensive grasslands like Praire of North America and Savana of Africa are not found in India. But, some grassland vegetations are found to grow in the areas having average annual rainfall between 50 cm and 100 cm. The grassland vegetations included short grasses and thorny bushes. Such vegetations are distributed in Punjab, eastern part of Rajasthan and plains of Uttar Pradesh in Northern India and also in the central parts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and some parts of Maharashtra of the Deccan Plateau. Moreover, the wet and waterlogged environment of the Terai region of the Himalayan foothills also favour the growth of grassland vegetation like thatches, canes, reeds etc. Among these there also grow trees like khair, simul etc.

(e) Mangrove Vegetations :Mangrove vegetations are found in the coastal delta regions. In spite of salty sea water, the sediments carried and deposited by the tides and rivers support these peculiar kinds of vegetations in the coast. These vegetations grow mainly in the coastal areas of the gulf of Kachchh, the delta region of the Ganga Brahmaputra, i.e., the Sundarbans and also in the deltas of the mangrove Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers. Among the mangrove  vegetations, the sundari, date palm, coconut and bushy plants are the major trees.

(f) Mountain Vegetations: Altitude has its much impact on the types and distribution of vegetations. Because, there are variations in rainfall, temperature and soil qualities depending on variations in altitudes and hill slopes. So, we find different kinds of vegetations at different altitude of mountains and hills. There are also varities of vegetations at different altitudes of the Himalayas.

The Outer Himalayas including the Siwalik ranges attaining an average elevation of about 1000m. are the low hills covered by the thick monsoonal forests. These forests include sal and other valuable trees. Bamboos are also abundantly found here. To the north of these monsoonal vegetations, forests of evergreen trees like oak and other coniferous trees are found in altitude ranging between 1000m and 2000m. Coniferous forest are abundantly found in the North-Eastern hill regions, besides in the Himalayan mountain regions of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Darjeeling and Sikkim in the altitude between 1600 m and 3000 m. The deodar and other varied species of coniferous trees are found. Above such height of mountainous region only the alpine types of forests grow.

24) What are the main causes of population growth?

Ans: The main causes of population growth are

 a)the rates of birth and death and 

b) migration

25) What is the population density in India?

Ans: 382 persons/km square.

26)What is migration?

Ans: Movement of people from one place to another by changing their permanent or temporary residence is called migration.

27) What are the two types of migration?

Ans: The two types of migration are -

a)internal migration and b)external migration.

Migration taking place within a country is called internal migration.

On the other hand ,migration taking place from one country to another country is called external migration or International migration.

28) What are the two types of internal migration?

Ans: The two types of internal migration are -

a)inter- state migration and 

b)intra - state migration.

Inter- state migration takes place among the states of the country.

Similarly, intra- state migration takes place among the districts or regions of a state.

29) when was Indo- Bangladesh war take place?

Ans:  In 1971.

30) Write about the impacts of migration.

Ans: 

 a) Due to migration, variations in  communities, religions and languages are increasing and, as a result colourful cultures have grown.

b)Changes in the economic sector and expansion of trade and commerce are caused due to migration. 

c)Migration has changed the demographic structure of the country as well as its different regions. Population growth, density and literacy rates are changing due to migration. In some regions of the country, the numbers of migrants have become more than the numbers of indegenous people, and as a result some problems related to language, religion, culture and economy have emerged.

d) Migration contributes directly to the growth of India's population. A number of problems have arised due to migration. Population pressure on land is increasing and forest and wetland ecosystems are affected. Moreover, problems have arised in the health and education sectors in addition to the problems of employment.

e) Due to migration, sometimes some serious religious, social and political problems may take place. 

f)Migrants sometimes suffer from mental pressure as they fail to adjust with the new places as well as new societies.

g)Slums generally grow, espeically in the urban areas due to migration. The slum areas with unhygenic conditions cause pollution to the urban environment.

(h) Due to migration, the political situations of the country or the States are on the way to change.

31) What are the main characteristics of present Indian economy?

Ans: The main characteristics of present Indian economy are as follows:

a) low per capita income

b) slow growth of per capita income 

c) excessive pressure of population

d) poverty

e) dependence on agriculture

f) growing unemployment problem

g) planning based development.

32) Write about the importance of agriculture on Indian economy.

Ans:

a)The people of the country depend on agriculture for acquiring their food materials.

b)More than 60 per cent of the country's working population are  engaged in the agricultural sector.

c)The agricultural sector contributes a major portion to the national income.

d)A large number of industries have grown in the country based on the raw materials obtained from agriculture. Moreover, many other industries have also grown up for manufacturing the implements and machineries used in agriculture.

33) Write about the importance of industrial sector on Indian economy.

Ans:

(a) The contribution of the industrial sector towards Indian economy has been gradually increasing since the time of Independence. During the last 2009-10 year, the industrial sector alone had contributed 28% of the India's total domestic products. This contribution of the industrial sector was only 14 per cent at the time of Independence. Such development in the industrial sector is due to increase in the number of industries and their production.

 (b) The contributions of industrial sector are immense in the case of a country like India, where the unemployment problem is growing more and more. The industrial sector has become able to provide  a large number of people with employment. In the mean time, about 3 crores 30 lakhs people are engaged in the large and small scale industries of the country. 

(c) The infrastructural development is quite essential for the economic contributed a lot for the infrastructural development of the country. development of the country. In fact, the industrial sector has However, in this regard the role of large scale industries is noteworthy. 

d)The demand for consumable articles for day-to-day use is increasing alongwith the increase in population of the country. The industries have helped in manufacturing these articles. Thus we are presently able a get various kinds of consumable goods like foods, cloths, articles, implements and tools etc. only because of industrialisation.